The term goyim (singular: goy) is a Hebrew and Yiddish word that literally means "nations" and is commonly used in Jewish texts to refer to non-Jews or Gentiles. While the word itself is neutral in many religious and historical contexts, some critics argue that it has been used in a derogatory or dehumanising manner by specific Jewish individuals or groups.

Among the most inflammatory claims is the accusation that some Jews refer to non-Jews as "human cattle," suggesting a supremacist or exploitative attitude. This article explores the origins and usage of "goyim," examines whether it has been employed pejoratively, and addresses the broader implications of such language in Jewish-Gentile relations.

Here, goy refers to the Jewish people themselves. However, other passages describe non-Israelite nations like Egyptians or Canaanites. The plural form, goyim, is often used in rabbinic literature to distinguish Jews from other countries. In traditional Jewish law (Halacha), specific rules govern interactions with goyim, particularly in business, marriage, and religious practice. Some of these laws have been interpreted as discriminatory, while others are seen as protective measures to preserve Jewish identity.

In modern usage, it explicitly denotes a Gentile, a person who is not of the Jewish faith/nation. The plural form, goyim, is commonly used in both Hebrew and Yiddish and has been adopted into the English vernacular, particularly within Jewish communities.

Historically, the relationship between Jews and non-Jews has been marked by both cooperation and conflict. The term "goyim" has been used in various contexts throughout Jewish history, often reflecting the social dynamics of the era. Sometimes, it has been used to emphasise the distinction between Jewish and non-Jewish communities.

In modern discourse, the term has gained notoriety through phrases like "The Goyim Know," which has been associated with antisemitic conspiracy theories. This phrase suggests a belief that non-Jews are aware of and potentially complicit in perceived Jewish manipulations of society. Such usage highlights the ongoing tensions and misunderstandings that can arise between different cultural and religious groups.

While goyim is not inherently offensive, its usage can carry negative connotations depending on context. This duality in meaning reflects broader societal attitudes and the complexities of interfaith relations. Some Jewish texts and teachings have been criticised for portraying non-Jews in a disparaging light. For example:

One of the most extreme accusations is that Jews refer to non-Jews as "human cattle" (behemot in Hebrew). This claim is frequently promoted by antisemitic conspiracy theorists, particularly those who believe in the "Jewish world domination" myth.

The word goyim is not inherently derogatory, but like any term referring to an out-group, its meaning depends on context. While some Jewish texts and individuals have used it dismissively, the extreme claim that Jews universally regard Gentiles as "human cattle" is a malicious distortion.

Understanding the nuances of this issue requires distinguishing between legitimate criticism of certain Jewish attitudes and the antisemitic tropes that exploit such discussions.

Open dialogue - rather than inflammatory rhetoric - is key to fostering better relations between Jews and non-Jews.